Prospects for the development of PC operating systems

System integration and development prospects operating systems

Having successfully studied the material, you will know:

definitions of the concepts “system integration”, “economic information system”, “information technology”;

principles of classification and basic functional, classification characteristics of information technologies;

functional features of XML;

factors that have a fundamental impact on the development of operating systems;

prospects for the development of operating systems of the Windows family.

After studying this topic you will be able to:

conduct a comparative analysis of definitions of the concept “system integration”;

classify information technologies according to functional characteristics;

navigate the requirements for promising operating systems.

After studying the material you you will have the skills:

identifying the main features of corporate operating systems;

selection of computer equipment based on the requirements of promising operating systems.

Basic concepts for topic 13

System integration

Application software product

Economic information system

Information technology

Basic information technology

Subject information technology

Functional information technology

Enabling Information Technology

Hardware and software system

Concept of system integration

Today, issues of system integration of technologies, development and use of common software standards are coming to the fore. This is especially true for software products designed to automate enterprise business processes. The most important condition for the effective management of any business is the constant and controlled availability of complete, reliable and presented in a convenient form of information, on the basis of which operational and strategic management decisions are made, and communication with investors, partners and clients is carried out.

To provide information control systems the enterprise exists economic information system(EIS) - a set of organizational, technical, software and information tools (information technologies), combined into a unified system for collecting, processing and issuing the necessary information.

Under information technology you should understand the system of methods and methods for collecting, accumulating, storing, searching, processing, analyzing, issuing data, information and knowledge based on the use of hardware and software in accordance with the requirements of users.

Hardware designed to organize the process of processing data (information, knowledge), as well as hardware designed to organize communication and transfer data (information, knowledge), are called basic information technologies.

Under subject information technology is understood as a sequence of technological stages for converting primary information into resultant information, independent of the use of computer technology and information technology.

Supporting information technologies- These are information processing technologies that can be used as tools in various subject areas to solve various problems.

Modification of supporting information technologies, in which any of the subject technologies is implemented, is functional information technology.

As we have already noted, the importance of the processes of system integration of information technologies and standards within the framework of IS cannot be overestimated. For example, when choosing a computer, the buyer often no longer thinks about the compatibility of components and, based on his capabilities and needs, can freely choose a monitor from one manufacturer, motherboard another, a third’s video card, etc. The functionality of the components is ensured by the fact that most manufacturers of computer components have agreed on uniform standards for their interaction. It is important to understand that such significant progress in the development of computer technology is due to this standardization.

Now let’s imagine a similar situation, but related not to computer components, but to the use of software from different manufacturers. Let’s assume that the task is to automate management processes in an enterprise and it is necessary to select the appropriate application software products. Having considered various options for software solutions for an automated system (products from several developers), buyers (enterprise representatives) decided that the module proposed by the first developer was most suitable for automating the work of the HR department, and the production management module from the second developer was better, etc. However, at present, in the vast majority of cases, purchasing enterprises information systems are forced to completely purchase and implement integrated software from one of the manufacturers, since the manufacturers have not agreed on universal standards for data exchange between applications.

System integration is the development of comprehensive solutions for automating enterprise business processes. Its ultimate goal is the most effective management of the organization.

It should be noted that the concept of “system integration” is widely used in Russia and has undergone a certain evolution. At first, this was the name for the integration of hardware and software, then the combination of several systems obtained during automation in various areas (“patchwork automation”) on a single integration platform, and finally, a modern understanding of this term was formed. Today system integration is:

One of the possible ways to integrate software within the EIS is the introduction of uniform data transfer standards, for example XML.

Last time XML concept is very often discussed among software developers in modern computer literature and in the press. Using XML, it is very convenient to describe complex data structures in the form of XML objects; in the case of EIS, the role of such objects is played by universal business objects. Business objects described in XML are also a convenient means for exchanging information between different applications.

The XML language (Extensible Markup Language) is intended to describe other languages, i.e. this is a metalanguage. XML allows you to present data in the form of a structured text document. The structure markup is specified in the form of so-called tags (XML language tags), having the format<имя>.. . Tags contain data. The easiest way to get an idea of ​​this approach is to look at any HTML document (the internal representation of a web page), since HTML is an implementation of an XML-based language and describes a set of tags for visualizing data in a web browser.

XML documents are text files, containing data and tags that identify structures within text.

XML allows developers to add complexity to data by transforming it into a format that can be used by web applications, servers, middleware, and end users.

The use of XML makes it possible to solve a number of fundamentally new problems in the field of building integrated systems.

Implementation of XML servers and interface servers can be done for various software platforms. Using XML as an open standard for data exchange between applications allows you to effectively use individual modules from different manufacturers within one information system, thereby achieving their combination that is most optimal both in terms of functionality and in terms of financial investments.

Prospects for the development of operating systems

Along with databases, operating systems are the most important component of information systems. Recently, much attention has been paid to network operating systems that can be used in the information systems of various enterprises (corporate operating systems). Their further development represents one of the most important tasks in the foreseeable future. For a corporate OS, it is very important to have centralized administration and management tools that allow you to store Accounts about tens of thousands of users, computers, communications devices and software modules available on the corporate network. A corporate operating system is distinguished by its ability to work well and stably in large networks, which are typical for large enterprises with branches in different regions. Such networks are inherently inherent in a high degree of heterogeneity in software and hardware, so the corporate OS must interact with different types of software and run on different hardware platforms.

To date, Microsoft can be considered one of the leaders in the corporate OS class. One of latest versions The operating system from this corporation is Windows 7. Windows 7 was released on October 22, 2009 on change Windows Vista. Windows 7 has the following new features:

In addition, Microsoft is releasing a new server operating system, Windows MultiPoint Server 2010, to create several independent workstations on one personal computer. HP offers hardware for Windows MultiPoint Server.

The new solution involves the use of a conventional medium-power computer for full user experience with the full range of modern software. Individual accounts allow each user to have their own list of favorites in Internet Explorer, customize as you wish appearance desktop, place your own icons on it, customize the Start menu, etc. These settings can be saved so that you can continue working with them the next time you sit down at any other workstation that has access to the host computer.

HP MultiSeat Computing Solution with Windows MultiPoint Server 2010 software reduces the cost of working with information by 50% compared to using individual PCs. Therefore, this solution may be especially in demand in educational institutions, libraries, museums and small businesses.

The MultiPoint Manager interface is shown in Fig. 13.3
.

New versions are also appearing in the Linux operating system family. For example, the Mandriva company released final version operating system Mandriva Linux 2010 Spring (Fig. 13.4
).

The new software platform is based on the Linux kernel 2.6.33.4 and contains the GNOME 2.30.1 and KDE 4.4.3 desktop environments. The OS includes a suite of office applications OpenOffice.org 3.2, an XBMC media center, BitTorrent clients Deluge, Transmission and qBittorrent, video editors Lives, Kdenlive, OpenShot, Firefox, Chromium, Opera browsers and a number of other applications. The distribution contains a lot of various educational and scientific software products.

This version of the operating system has updated the installer, expanded the driver base and improved hardware support. There is a new toolkit for configuring network services and a significantly improved mechanism for organizing the work of guest accounts in the system.

Mandriva Linux 2010 Spring distribution is available in four versions.

Mandriva One is the simplest user version of Mandriva, which can be used in LiveCD mode (directly from optical media) or by installing it on HDD. The option to install Mandriva One on a computer that does not have a DVD drive from a USB drive is also available.

Mandriva Free is a distribution version for both workstations and servers, including only free applications.

Mandriva Powerpack is a version for workstations and small servers, most often used in organizations. The Russian version of the distribution additionally includes a number of applications important for Russian users: wine@etersoft software for running Russian business applications under Microsoft Windows in emulation mode (such as 1C:Enterprise, Garant, Consultant Plus, FineReader, etc.) in the GNU environment/ Linux, a free medical information system, a program for recording business transactions of an individual entrepreneur, software for recording Internet traffic Traffpro, etc.

Edumandriva is a solution for educational institutions based on Mandriva, created by teachers for teachers, included in the official set of free software for schools of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

Since 2009, events have been taking place in the mobile operating systems market that affect the state of the industry in 2010 and, possibly, will also affect 2011. So, in 2009, Symbian OS 5th edition appeared, supporting touch controls. For forecasts for sales of mobile operating systems to end users, see Table 13.1.

Google and its partners began to actively promote Android OS. Industry representatives such as ASUS, HTC, Acer and Motorola, Sony Ericsson have announced support for this version of mobile Linux.

System integration is the development of comprehensive solutions for automating enterprise business processes. Its ultimate goal is the most effective management of the organization.

To provide an enterprise management information system, there is an economic information system (EIS) - a set of organizational, technical, software and information tools (information technologies) combined into a single system for collecting, processing and issuing the necessary information.

Information technology should be understood as a system of methods and methods for collecting, accumulating, storing, searching, processing, analyzing, issuing data, information and knowledge based on the use of hardware and software, in accordance with the requirements of users.

Information technologies (IT) are divided into basic, subject, enabling and functional.

One of the possible ways to integrate software within the IS is the introduction of uniform data transfer standards, for example XML (Extensible Markup Language). The use of XML makes it possible to solve a number of fundamentally new problems in the field of building integrated systems.

Using XML as an open standard for data exchange between applications allows you to effectively use individual modules from different manufacturers within one information system, thereby achieving their combination that is most optimal both in terms of functionality and in terms of financial investments.

Operating systems are an important component of information systems; the development of corporate operating systems is one of the most important tasks. For a corporate OS, it is very important to have centralized administration and management tools, as well as data security tools. Due to the high heterogeneity of software and hardware in enterprise computer networks, a corporate OS must interact with different types of software and run on different hardware platforms.

The future operating system of the Windows family (Windows 7) should provide a higher degree of integration (XML Paper Specification) and reliability. The new graphical interface (Aero) makes the OS promising for building integrated systems for various purposes.

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Trends in the development of personal computers

At the present stage of development of operating systems, security tools have come to the forefront. This is due to the increased value of information processed by computers, as well as the increased level of threats that exist when transmitting data over networks, especially public ones such as the Internet. Many operating systems today have developed information security tools based on data encryption, authentication and authorization.

Modern operating systems are multi-platform, that is, the ability to work on completely different types of computers. Many operating systems have special versions to support cluster architectures that provide high performance and fault tolerance. The exception so far is the NetWare OS, all versions of which are developed for the Intel platform, and the implementation of NetWare functions in the form of a shell for other OSes, for example NetWare for AIX, has not been successful.

In recent years, the long-term trend of increasing the convenience of human interaction with a computer has been further developed. Human performance becomes the main factor determining the efficiency of the computing system as a whole. Human efforts should not be wasted on adjusting the parameters of the computing process, as happened in the OS of previous generations. For example, in mainframe batch processing systems, each user had to use a job control language to define a large number of parameters related to the organization of computing processes in the computer. Thus, for the OS/360 system, the JCL job control language provided the ability for the user to define more than 40 parameters, including job priority, main memory requirements, maximum job execution time, a list of input/output devices used and their operating modes.

A modern operating system takes on the task of selecting operating environment parameters, using various adaptive algorithms for this purpose. For example, timeouts in communication protocols are often determined based on network conditions. Distribution of RAM between processes is carried out automatically using virtual memory mechanisms, depending on the activity of these processes and information about the frequency of their use of a particular page. Instant process priorities are determined dynamically depending on the history, including, for example, the time the process spent in the queue, the percentage of the allocated time slice, the intensity of I/O, etc. Even during the installation process, most OSes offer a default parameter selection mode that guarantees albeit not optimal, but always acceptable quality of system operation.





The convenience of interactive work with a computer is constantly improving by including advanced technologies in the operating system. graphical interfaces, using sound and video along with graphics. This is especially important for turning a computer into a terminal for a new public network, since for the mass user, the terminal should be almost as understandable and convenient as telephone set. The user interface of the operating system is becoming more and more intelligent, guiding human actions in typical situations and making routine decisions for him.

The level of ease of use of resources that isolated computer operating systems provide today for users, administrators and application developers is only a tempting prospect for network operating systems. While network users and administrators spend considerable time trying to figure out where a resource is located, network application developers spend a lot of effort trying to determine the location of data and software modules on the network. Operating systems of the future must provide a high level of transparency of network resources, taking on the task of organizing distributed computing, turning the network into a virtual computer. This is precisely the meaning that Sun specialists put into the laconic slogan “The Network is a Computer,” but to turn the slogan into reality, operating system developers still have a long way to go.

Taking into account the above considerations, the following scenario seems most likely:

China will be the first to try to get rid of the dominance of Windows ™ at the state level - it will receive the most benefits from this and has the most opportunities for this. China will try to implement or localize Linux distribution, or will try to develop a proprietary OS based on FreeBSD (or another free OS with a BSD-like license) - Linux is more likely, since it has been developing more actively lately.

This will happen gradually over 3-5 years. All government bodies and companies closely associated with the state will be transferred to a national computer (national processor + national Linux distribution) without fail. In parallel, a large number of localized versions of application programs will be created and national Linux will be used for teaching in educational institutions.

Based on the experience of using many modern operating systems, the following main trends in their development can be identified.

Graphic shells. Any modern OS has a graphical user interface, and (for obvious reasons of intense competition between development companies) the graphical shells for all OSes are approximately the same in capabilities. Sometimes it is difficult for the user to figure out which OS he is working in, although for end users (non-programmers), apparently, such unification is convenient.

Support for new network technologies and Web technologies. Networks and the Internet are actively developing. New standards and protocols are emerging - IPv6, HTML 5 (for cloud computing), etc. Modern operating systems are developing towards supporting all new network technologies.

Increased attention to safety and security mechanisms. Largely thanks to the Trustworthy Computing initiative launched by Microsoft in 2002, as well as in view of the ever-increasing cybercrime, all modern operating systems pay increased attention to security: when viewing web pages, browsers check them for the absence of phishing (a type of Internet fraud); downloads and installations of programs from the network are performed only with the explicit consent of the user, etc.

Supports multi-threading and multi-core processors. Due to the widespread use of multi-core processors, all modern operating systems have software libraries that support this hardware capability. It is thanks to the multi-core architecture that parallel execution of threads becomes really possible.

Support for distributed and parallel computing. Modern operating systems include high-level libraries that allow the development of parallel algorithms for solving problems - for example, those that support OpenMP and MPI parallelism standards.

Virtualization of resources and equipment. Modern operating systems include virtualization tools that allow you to run applications for other platforms in isolated virtual machines, into which other operating systems can be installed.

Development of file systems to protect information and significantly increase file sizes (for multimedia). Modern requirements for processing multimedia information lead to the fact that old file systems (for example, FAT) are insufficient for storing multimedia files. For example, the maximum file size in the FAT system - 4 gigabytes - can easily be exceeded when transferring 10-15 minutes of digital video tape to a computer. Therefore, new file systems are being developed that can store very large files, for example, the ZFS system in the Solaris OS. Another requirement is to ensure the confidentiality of information, which leads to the need to implement encryption capabilities in file systems (which is implemented, for example, in file system ZFS).

Cloud computing support is a completely new trend in OS development.

Thus, we can conclude that the following OS development prospects are currently observed:

The trend towards OS integration (not only at the level of graphical shells, but also at the level of the common kernel); development of OS families based on common code modules;

Significantly increased reliability, security and fault tolerance of the OS; OS development using managed code or its analogues.

A further trend towards open source OS projects; This is quite understandable, since development companies need new ideas, which is an excellent opportunity for young programmers to prove themselves.

Development of virtualization: It is necessary to ensure the ability to run or emulate any application in the environment of any modern OS.

Further convergence in the capabilities of OS for desktop computers and OS for mobile devices.

Further integration of OS and networks.

OS migration to cloud computing environments.

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Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "SIBERIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY" Institute of Oil and Gas Department of Geophysics ABSTRACT Modern operating systems. Purpose, composition and functions. Development prospects. Teacher E.D. Agafonov signature, date Student NG15-04 081509919 I.O. Starostin signature, date Krasnoyarsk 2016

CONTENTS Introduction 1 Purpose of operating systems 1.1 Concept of an operating system 1.2 User interaction with a computer 1.3 Use of resources 1.4 Facilitation of computing system processes 1.5 Possibility of development 2 Functions of the operating system 2.1 Process management 2.2 Memory management 2.3 Memory protection 2.4 File management 2.5 Management of external devices 2.6 Data protection and administration 2.7 Application programming interface 2.8 User interface 3 Composition of the operating system 3.1 Kernel 3.2 Command processor 3.3 Device drivers 3.4 Utilities 3.5 Help system 4 Development prospects Conclusion List of abbreviations List of used sources 2 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 12 13 14

INTRODUCTION In the era of rapid development of computer technology, amazing discoveries, instant transmission of information anywhere on the planet, we do not experience any discomfort at all when “communicating” with technology. What makes it so easy for us to handle technologies that are a mystery to most people? Are there any limitations or, on the contrary, great prospects? The purpose of the work is to become familiar with the basic concepts that describe the operating principle of modern computing devices using operating systems. Objectives of the work: - become familiar with the purpose of operating systems; - study the capabilities and functionality of modern operating systems; - study in detail the structure of operating systems; - give a rough assessment of the prospects for the development of the industry. 3

1 Purpose of operating systems Nowadays, there are a huge number of types of operating systems with different areas of application. In such conditions, four main criteria can be identified that describe the purpose of the OS. 1.1 Concept of an operating system An operating system (OS) is a set of interconnected programs designed to manage the resources of a computing device. Thanks to these programs, user interaction is organized. Managing memory, processes, and all software and hardware eliminates the need to work directly with disks and provides a simple, file-oriented interface, hiding a lot of the annoying work with interrupts, time counters, memory organization, and other components. 1.2 User interaction with a computer Organization of a convenient interface that allows the user to interact with computer hardware through some extended virtual machine, which is more convenient to work with and easier to program. Here is a list of the main services provided by typical operating systems. Development of programs where the OS provides the programmer with various application development tools: editors, debuggers, etc. He does not need to know how various electronic and electromechanical components and devices of a computer function. Often the user can get by with just the powerful high-level features that the OS provides. Also, to run the program, you need to perform a number of actions: load the program and data into main memory, initialize input/output devices and files, and prepare other resources. The OS does all this work for the user. The OS gives access to I/O devices. Each device requires its own set of commands to start. The OS provides the user with a uniform interface that skips all the details and gives the programmer access to I/O devices through simple read and write commands. When working with files, management by the OS requires not only a deep consideration of the nature of the I/O device, but also knowledge of the data structures recorded in the files. Multi-user operating systems also provide a protection mechanism when accessing files. The OS controls access to the shared or public computing system as a whole, as well as to individual system resources. It protects resources and data from unauthorized use and resolves conflict situations. 4

Error detection and handling is another very important point in the purpose of the OS. During the operation of a computer system, various failures can occur due to internal and external errors in the hardware, various types of software errors (overflow, attempt to access a memory cell to which access is prohibited, etc.). In each case, the OS takes actions that minimize the impact of the error on the operation of the application (from a simple error message to a program crash). And finally, accounting for resource use. The OS has tools for accounting for the use of various resources and displaying performance parameters of the computer system. This information is important for tuning (optimizing) the computing system to improve its performance. 1.3 Use of resources Organization of efficient use of computer resources. The OS is also a kind of computer resource manager. The main resources of modern computing systems include main memory, processors, timers, data sets, disks, ML drives, printers, network devices, etc. The listed resources are determined by the operating system between executing programs. Unlike a program, which is a static object, an executing program is a dynamic object called a process, which is a basic concept in modern operating systems. Managing the resources of a computer system in order to use them most efficiently is the second purpose of the operating system. The efficiency criteria according to which the OS organizes the management of computer resources may be different. For example, in one case the most important is the throughput of a computing system, in another - its response time. Often, operating systems must satisfy several, conflicting criteria, which causes serious difficulties for developers. Resource management includes solving a number of general tasks that do not depend on the type of resource. Resource scheduling is the definition of the process for which a resource needs to be allocated. Here it is predetermined when and in what capacity this resource should be allocated. Satisfying requests for resources – allocating resources to processes; monitoring the status and accounting of resource use – maintaining operational information about the use of the resource and the use of its share. Resolving conflicts between processes claiming the same resource. To solve these common resource management problems, different operating systems use different algorithms, which ultimately determines the appearance of the operating system as a whole, including performance characteristics, scope, and even the user interface. 1.4 Facilitation of computing system processes 5

Facilitation of the processes of operating hardware and software of a computer system. A number of operating systems include sets of utility programs that provide backup, data archiving, scanning, cleaning and defragmentation of disk devices, etc. In addition, modern operating systems have a fairly large set of tools and methods for diagnosing and restoring system functionality. These include: - diagnostic programs to identify errors in the operating system configuration; - means of restoring the last working configuration; - means of restoring damaged and missing system files, etc. 1.5 Possibility of development Modern operating systems are organized in such a way that they allow the effective development, testing and implementation of new system functions without interrupting the normal functioning of the computer system. Most operating systems are constantly evolving (Windows is a good example). This happens due to the following reasons. To satisfy users or the needs of system administrators, the OS must constantly provide new features. For example, you may need to add new tools for monitoring or assessing performance, new data input/output tools (speech input). Another example is support for new applications that use windows on the display screen. Every OS has bugs. From time to time they are discovered and corrected. Hence the constant appearance of new versions and editions of the OS. The need for regular changes imposes certain requirements on the organization of operating systems. It is obvious that these systems must have modular structure with clearly defined intermodular connections. Good and complete documentation of the system plays an important role. 2 Operating system functions OS functions are usually grouped either according to the types of local resources that the OS manages or according to specific tasks that apply to all resources. Sets of modules that perform such groups of functions form operating system subsystems. The most important resource management subsystems are the process, memory, file, and external device management subsystems, and the subsystems common to all resources are the user interface, data security, and administration subsystems. 6

2.1 Process management The process management subsystem directly affects the functioning of the computer system. For each program that runs, the OS organizes one or more processes. Each such process is represented in the OS by an information structure (table, descriptor, processor context) containing data about the process’s resource needs, as well as the resources actually allocated to it (RAM area, amount of CPU time, files, I/O devices, etc. ). In modern multiprogram OSes, several processes can exist simultaneously, generated at the initiative of users and their applications, as well as initiated by the OS to perform their functions (system processes). Since processes can simultaneously claim the same resources, the process management subsystem plans the order of execution of processes, provides them with the necessary resources, and ensures interaction and synchronization of processes. 2.2 Memory management The memory management subsystem distributes physical memory among all processes existing in the system, loads and deletes program codes and process data into the memory areas allocated to them, and also protects the memory areas of each process. The memory management strategy consists of strategies for fetching, placing, and replacing a program block or data in main memory. Accordingly, various algorithms are used to determine when to load the next block into memory, in which memory location to place it, and which program or data block to remove from main memory to make room for new blocks. One of the most popular methods of memory management in modern operating systems is virtual memory. The implementation of the virtual memory mechanism allows the programmer to consider that he has a homogeneous RAM, the scope of which is limited only by the addressing capabilities provided by the programming system. 2.3 Memory protection Violations of memory protection are associated with processes accessing memory areas allocated to other processes of application programs or programs of the OS itself. Memory protection measures must stop such access attempts by crashing the offending program. 2.4 File management File management functions are concentrated in the OS file system. The operating system virtualizes a separate set of data stored on an external drive in the form of a file - a simple unstructured 7

sequences of bytes having a symbolic name. For ease of working with data, files are grouped into directories, which, in turn, form groups - directories more high level. The file system converts the symbolic names of files that the user or programmer works with into physical addresses of data on disks, organizes shared access to files, and protects them from unauthorized access. 2.5 Management of external devices The functions of managing external devices are assigned to the external device management subsystem, also called the input/output subsystem. It is the interface between the computer core and all devices connected to it. The range of these devices is very wide (printers, scanners, monitors, modems, manipulators, network adapters, ADCs of various kinds, etc.), hundreds of models of these devices differ in the set and sequence of commands used to exchange information with the processor and other parts. A program that controls a specific model of an external device and takes into account all its features is called a driver. The presence of a large number of suitable drivers largely determines the success of the OS in the market. Drivers are created by both OS developers and companies that produce external devices. The OS must support a well-defined interface between drivers and the rest of the OS. Then developers of I/O device manufacturing companies can supply drivers for a specific operating system along with their devices. 2.6 Data protection and administration The security of computer system data is ensured by OS fault tolerance measures aimed at protecting against hardware failures and failures and software errors, as well as by means of protection against unauthorized access. For each user of the system, a logical login procedure is required, during which the OS makes sure that a user authorized by the administrative service is entering the system. Microsoft, for example, in its latest product Windows 10 offers the user login through appearance recognition. This should improve security and make logging in faster. But Google promises us new version its Android 6.0 smartphone OS, access to the device and confirmation of purchases through a fingerprint scanner, if the device is suitable for this. The computer system administrator determines and limits the ability of users to perform certain actions, i.e. determines their rights to access and use system resources. An important means of protection is the OS audit function, which consists in recording all events on which the security of the system depends. Support for fault tolerance of the computing system is implemented based on 8

redundancy (disk RAID arrays, backup printers and other devices, sometimes redundancy of central processors, in early OS - dual and duplex systems, systems with a majority authority, etc.). In general, ensuring system fault tolerance is one of the most important responsibilities of a system administrator, who uses a number of special tools and tools for this. 2.7 Application programming interface Application programmers use calls to the operating system in their applications when, to perform certain actions, they require a special status that only the OS has. The capabilities of the operating system are available to the programmer in the form of a set of functions called the Application Programming Interface (API). Applications access API functions using system calls. The way an application receives operating system services is very similar to calling subroutines. The method of implementing system calls depends on the structural organization of the OS, the characteristics of the hardware platform and the programming language. In UNIX, system calls are almost identical to library procedures. 2.8 User interface The OS provides a convenient interface not only for application programs, but also for the user (programmer, administrator, user). At the moment, manufacturers offer us many functions designed to make our work with devices easier and save time. As an example, I again want to cite Windows 10. Microsoft helps the user ensure smooth operation of all his devices (from Microsoft, of course) through a common OS. There is instant transfer of data from one device to another, and general notifications that you won’t miss with this function. “Efficient, organized work” is practically a slogan for every OS manufacturer. Working with notes directly on web pages, new multi-window modes, multiple desktops - we have been seeing all this for several years now, and the developers still have many ideas. 3 Composition of the operating system Modern operating systems have a complex structure consisting of many elements, where each of them performs certain functions for managing processes and allocating resources. 3.1 Core 9

The OS kernel is the central part of the operating system, providing applications with coordinated access to the file system and file exchange between control units. 3.2 Command processor The OS software module responsible for reading individual commands or a sequence of commands from a command file is sometimes called the command interpreter. 3.3 Device drivers Various devices (disk drives, monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.) are connected to the computer backbone. Each device performs a specific function, and the technical implementation of the devices varies significantly. The operating system includes device drivers, special programs that control the operation of devices and coordinate information exchange with other devices, and also allow you to configure some device parameters. Each device has its own driver. 3.4 Utilities Additional service programs (utilities) are auxiliary computer programs as part of general software that make the process of communication between the user and the computer convenient and versatile. 3.5 Help system For user convenience, the operating system usually also includes a help system. The help system allows you to quickly obtain the necessary information both about the functioning of the operating system as a whole and about the operation of its individual modules. 4 Development prospects Currently, there is a significant increase in the reliability, security and fault tolerance of the OS; convergence in capabilities of OS for desktop computers and OS for mobile devices. The trend towards open source OS projects is a very profitable direction in OS development, since development companies need new ideas that young programmers can offer them. 10

Of great importance is the demand for corporate operating systems, which are characterized by a high degree of scalability, network support, advanced security tools, the ability to work in a heterogeneous environment, and the availability of centralized administration and management tools. This is where the ability to process huge amounts of data is required. Someone is betting on cloud storage, and predicts the “extinction” of the OS altogether. Even though we use the clouds, this prospect does not seem possible in the coming years. I see a desire among developers to improve productivity through smarter resource utilization (Windows 10 starts up 28% faster than Windows 7), reliability, and ease of use. Be it voice control or various unique innovations in the interface for a more friendly interaction. eleven

CONCLUSION As we were able to understand, operating systems play a huge role in the relationship between the user and the hardware. The most important thing is that progress does not stand still, more and more powerful machines are being developed every day, the volume of processed data is growing, along with this the OS is also developing and improving, new ideas are emerging for a more convenient and effective use of accumulated knowledge. OS functionality is moving towards providing intuitive interaction between the user and the device. 12

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADC – analog-to-digital converter; OS – operating system; PU – peripheral device. 13

LIST OF SOURCES USED 1 Nazarov, S. V. Modern operating systems: textbook / S. V. Nazarov, A. I. Shirokov. - Moscow: National Open University "INTUIT", 2012. - 367 p. 2 Groshev, S. Basic concepts of OS [Electronic resource]: Science and education / MSTU im. N.E. Bauman - Electron. magazine - Moscow: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "MSTU named after N.E. Bauman" 2015. - Access mode: http://technomag.bmstu.ru/doc/48639.html 3 Prospects for operating systems and networks [Electronic resource]: national open university "INTUIT". - Moscow: 2015 - Access mode: http://www.intuit.ru/studies/courses/641/497/lecture/11328 4 Architecture, purpose and functions of operating systems [Electronic resource]: Lecture 1 / National Open University "INTUIT" " - Moscow, 2015. - Access mode: http://www.intuit.ru/studies/courses/631/487/lecture/11048 5 Darovsky, N. N. Prospects for the development of operating systems [Electronic resource] / N. N. Darovsky // Internet portal Web-3. - 2015. - Access mode: http://system.web-3.ru/windows/?act=full&id_article=12055 6 Components of Windows 10 [Electronic resource]: official website of the developer / Microsoft Corporation - 2016. - Access mode: https ://www.microsoft.com/ru-ru/windows/features?section=familiar 7 Android 6.0 Marshmallow [Electronic resource]: official website of the developer / Google Corp. - 2016. - Access mode: https://www.android.com/intl/ru_ru/versions/marshmallow-6-0/ 14

After the disastrous Windows Vista, rumors quickly spread on the Internet that operating systems were beginning to die out and would disappear completely in the near future. Some prophesied that Vista would become the last OS we were used to, others bet on Win8, realizing that if it became a failure, the existence of classic “operating systems” could really come to an end. There was also an opinion that modern operating systems had reached their peak of development and that everything would then move to cloud technologies. That is, you will no longer need to install software on your PC; you will have access to the Internet and a monitor.
It would be hard to call such judgments adequate. I don’t understand what kind of “experts” write such articles, and even more I don’t understand those who believe them or think that the authors of the articles are real analysts. “Clouds” cannot become popular in the foreseeable future for several reasons. Such technologies are too expensive today, and there is no urgent need for them, at least for the vast majority of users.

Of course, the Web is already widely used, and its share will only grow, but now people are only ready to go online simple applications. There is no talk of transferring mass consumption programs to the cloud yet, and it is unlikely that it will happen for another 3-4 years. It is difficult to look further, given the pace of technology development. But despite all this, the operating systems we are familiar with now will live on. And not a year or two, but much longer.
Then a logical question arises: in what direction will the operating systems we are familiar with develop? After the release of Windows 7, many could not even imagine what Microsoft's next step would be. But at the G8 presentation, the developers showed that there is still room for development. And, in my opinion, this development is going in a better direction.
The interface of later versions of Windows will change in a vector direction. Rapidly developing 3D technologies will find application in the desktop interface and beyond. In addition, there is an increasing emphasis on voice control.



We also cannot ignore the decrease in the use of PCs as gaming platforms. In developed countries, almost every family now has a console, or even several different ones to choose from. In Russia, this trend is also present, but in smaller quantities. Personally, I only have a Playstation 3 so far, but many of my colleagues have several different consoles. But it’s too early to say that computers will soon stop being used for entertainment altogether.
Besides games, take a look at the software installed on your computer. Even if you didn’t install a single program yourself, your OS by default contained the most popular ones. For example, office applications, music players, simple programs to view and edit photos. Can you imagine Windows as a browser underlay, and all of the above programs leaving for the Web? Me not. And this despite the fact that I did not focus on the powerful specialized software, for example, for professional HD video processing.



If we talk about a partial transition to the cloud, when some of the programs you need are stored on your hard drive, and some on the network, this is quite adequate and, moreover, is already happening now. You don't need to be a genius to understand this. But partial departure to the Web does not make conventional operating systems unnecessary, and certainly does not completely replace them. So we shouldn’t expect them to disappear as a class in the coming years.