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What does mode mean? What is a daily routine, and why is it so important? In science and technology

The longest shutter speed that can be set in automatic shooting mode on digital cameras is 30 seconds. This is enough for most plots. However, in some situations you may need it, for example after dark. This is where the “Bulb” mode comes in handy. You can expose the frame for as long as you need: minutes or hours.

The “Bulb” shooting mode has proven itself well when photographing a “rotating” night sky dotted with stars, night landscapes illuminated by moonlight, night traffic, light shows and in shooting scenes where long shutter speeds are used in combination with tight shutter speeds.

The picture looks very impressive if you photograph several volleys of fireworks in one frame. Use some kind of light-proof barrier (such as the palm of your hand or a piece of cardboard) to cover the front lens of the lens during the lull between shots. The partition will act as a shutter, preventing light from reaching the photosensitive sensor.

The “Bulb” mode is activated on the camera or when the corresponding shooting mode is set: the letter “B” on the shooting mode selection wheel. Either in manual mode(“M”) rotate the control wheel until the shutter speeds become longer: 1’’, …, 10’’, …, 30’’. The “longest shutter speed” is the “Bulb” mode. Instead of the shutter speed number, the word “BULB” will appear on the screen.

In Bulb mode, the shutter remains open as long as you hold down the shutter button. This allows you to expose the frame for as long as you like. You can hold the button with your finger, but this is not practical. Use the remote remote control shutter

Shooting in “Bulb” mode

Step 1: Eliminate camera vibration

Take a tripod with you or find a reliable support to ensure that the camera is stable during long exposures. Make sure the tripod is secured with additional weight or some other means to prevent wind from shaking it. For stability, if necessary, install the camera lower to the ground. Turn off any stabilization features built into your camera or lens.

Step 2: Connect the remote control

The remote control, equipped with a shutter release button lock, will allow you to open the shutter for any period of time. Release the latch when you need to close the shutter to complete the exposure. Some remote controls have a built-in timer that helps you accurately set the exposure time.

Step 3: Adjust Exposure Settings

Bulb mode requires you to manually adjust your exposure settings. Before shooting, determine the aperture value and other parameters that affect exposure. Set your aperture to f/8 and experiment with shutter speed. If the photo turns out to be too dark, lengthen the shutter speed; if it’s too light, shorten it. Shoot at a low sensitivity setting to minimize the appearance of digital noise in your photos.

Note translator- And also to maintain smooth tonal transitions due to the maximum width of the dynamic (tone) range of the photosensitive sensor. If necessary, you can make the image flat and graphic at the processing stage, but to give it naturalness and plasticity - alas...

We come across the term “regime” quite often in everyday life. We constantly hear such phrases as “liberal regime”, “daily regime”, “austerity regime”, “sleep mode”, “in light mode”, “bed rest”. What is a regime?

A regime is a strictly established procedure of action, subject to certain norms and rules. The term comes from the Latin word regimen, which translated into Russian means “management, command, leadership.”

Let's see in what areas of life this word is most often used.

Political regime

A political regime is a set of methods by which state power manages society. The extreme polar points of the entire spectrum of different political regimes are totalitarian and democratic.

A totalitarian regime is characterized by the monopolization of power by one group (party, clan), the absence of legal political opposition, state intervention in a person’s private life, and the absence of real rights and freedoms of citizens. Features of a democratic regime are turnover of power, division of power into legislative, executive and judicial, participation of citizens in government through elections, the presence of civil society (union of citizens uncontrolled by the state), protection of political, economic and other freedoms.

In the political sphere there are also such concepts as:

Visa-free regime - the ability to enter the territory of the state without additional permits.
A state of emergency is a special legal regime introduced in the event of threats to the political system. Often associated with the expansion of powers of law enforcement agencies and temporary restrictions on rights and freedoms.
The old, pre-revolutionary regime is the order that existed before the current political elite came to power.

Regimes in the economy

In the economic sphere, concepts such as:

austerity regime, when the basis of the enterprise’s activities is the principle of rational use of resources and reducing the cost of the production process;
preferential tax regime is a tool for the state to attract capital to a particular region or area of activity by reducing the tax rate.

Computer operating modes

Any PC user knows that his computer can work in sleep mode, incognito mode, or in multi-user mode.

To learn how to enable different computer operating modes, read the following articles:

Regime in other areas of life

In medicine the following concepts are often used:

bed rest - restriction of physical activity for certain diseases;
diet - the need to eat some foods and give up others.

There is also a thermal regime - the temperature range for comfortable existence of humans, animals and plants. Interactive mode - when the user of the system has the opportunity to actively influence it.

And this list goes on.

Throughout the entire period of the existence of the Russian Empire, terror occupied a different place in the life of society. At first it was red and white of a revolutionary nature. It was soon replaced by Stalinist repressions, which reached their climax in 1938. Today, according to experts, terror in the Russian Federation over the past two decades has acquired a clearly Islamist character. It manifests itself in various terrorist acts carried out by nationalists. In order to counter the illegal actions of Islamists on Russian territory, in February 2006 the State Duma adopted the federal law “On Countering Terrorism.” According to the resolution, in the event of an emergency in a specific area, the legal regime of the counter-terrorism operation comes into force.

In order to stop a terrorist act, minimize its consequences, and also provide people with protection, special restrictive measures are provided. Thus, a counter-terrorism operation (CTO) regime begins to operate in a given territory. Information about the features of this event is contained in the article.

How it all began?

Many people are interested in what the CTO mode means? Where did this acronym come from? The concept of “terrorist attack” was introduced into the Russian criminal code in 1996. From now on, a terrorist attack is any action that threatens the life and health of people, carried out by extremists to intimidate them in order to influence the authorities. Until 1996, this term was used exclusively in cases where it concerned only various politicians and government officials. In 1998, State Duma deputies adopted the law “On the Fight against Terrorism,” after which the concept of the CTO regime was approved. Eight years later, at the legislative level, the word “struggle” will be replaced by “counteraction.”

What is WHO mode?

Different countries have their own formulation of this concept. According to Russian legislation, the CTO regime is a complex of special military, operational-combat and other actions carried out in order to prevent a terrorist attack, neutralize criminals and protect the population. To accomplish the assigned task, security forces have the right to use weapons, military equipment and various special equipment. In Belarus and Ukraine, the CTO regime is defined as the law “On the fight against terrorism.” In Kazakhstan and Tajikistan - “On countering terrorism.” The same definition applies in Transnistria and the Donetsk People's Republic.

However, for special events carried out in Ukraine, the abbreviation ATO is used, which stands for anti-terrorist operation. Despite different formulations, the essence of the CTO regime in many states is identical.

About decryption

The abbreviation CTO stands for counter-terrorism operation. Translated from Latin, “operatio” means to work, and “contr” means counteraction. Thus, the very concept of a counter-terrorist operation indicates an action designed to stop the threat posed by radical elements.

Events of 1999

In September, Boris Yeltsin introduced the legal regime of a counter-terrorism operation for the first time. The reason for this was the invasion of Chechen militants into the territory of Dagestan. This regime was canceled only 10 years later. However, not only Chechnya, but also Dagestan, Ingushetia and Kabardino-Balkaria became a place for military clashes, terrorist attacks and police operations.

About the special regime in Dagestan

As reported by RIA Novosti, a special regime was introduced in the south of Dagestan three times. This was based on several armed incidents. First, local residents were attacked using firearms near the Naryn-Kala fortress. After some time, the militants fired at the police squad. One employee was injured. The offenders then fled. The next “hot spot” was the Tabasaran district. Then in February, attackers kidnapped a village teacher. After conducting a search, law enforcement officers found the kidnappers. Then a shootout broke out between the police and the criminals. The teacher survived, but with a gunshot wound. The location of the next incident was the village of Dzhemikent. A suicide bomber blew himself up there. As a result of the terrorist attack, two law enforcement officers were killed and 20 civilians were injured.

During the CTO, law enforcement officers killed two militants. The regime was accompanied by passport checks of locals and shelling of a gorge located behind the village, in which, according to information available to the security forces, criminals could be located. According to experts, the cause of the armed confrontation was the police suppression of the Salafis, one of the Islamist radical movements. IS also expanded its activities in the south of the republic. This organization, in accordance with Russian legislation, is considered terrorist.

About conflicts in Kabardino-Balkaria

According to RIA Novosti, local radical militants are working closely with the Islamic State. As a result of several armed clashes with law enforcement officers in Nalchik, local authorities introduced the CTO regime several times.

In the capital of the republic, security forces intensively protected public order and checked documents. During the counter-terrorist operation, the leader of the bandit formation, who swore allegiance to ISIS, and two of his accomplices were eliminated. The rest of the militants were blocked in a private house. The mother of one of them became the hostage of the criminals. Security forces evacuated residents of the area and blocked the road. Then the police officers invited the terrorists to surrender. In response, they opened fire. However, during negotiations the hostage was released. In order to eliminate the bandits, police officers were forced to blow up the building. One special forces soldier was wounded and taken to a local hospital. Having eliminated the threat to the health and lives of other people, law enforcement officers lifted the special regime.

Some examples of special operations

In modern history, there have been several cases when the CTO counter-terrorist operation regime was introduced in certain territories:

Chechen campaign. The armed confrontation, with minor interruptions, lasted from 1999 to 2009. During this time period, the legal regime of the CTO was in effect on the territory of Chechnya.
Afghanistan. The armed conflict lasted from 2001 to 2014.
Azerbaijan. In 2008, as part of the special operation “Gartal”, a CTO regime was also introduced on the territory of the republic.

Our days

In 2009, the North Caucasus became a “hot spot” where the CTO regime was introduced. In 2011 - Temir district. Since 2015, the Russian military has been conducting a special operation in Syria. The turbulent events in Ukraine during the so-called Euromaidan ended with a coup d'état and the formation of a new “hot spot” in the east of the country. Since the rebels used weapons and various special means to seize government institutions, Ukrainian security forces planned a purge within the framework of the law “On the Fight against Terrorism.” But later, the anti-terrorist operation, which never began in Kyiv against pro-European rebels, was moved to Donbass. The reason for this was several anti-government rallies and separatist slogans of local residents in eastern Ukraine. However, due to the fact that in this situation it is not clear who the terrorist is, the decision of the new Ukrainian authorities is still criticized by many experts.

Who is it administered by?

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, any territory can become a place for introducing a special regime. Not everyone knows that the director of the FSB is responsible for the CTO regime. Responsibility also lies with the head of the territorial law enforcement agency.

In what cases are special operations carried out?

This regime is possible if a terrorist act has been committed. Also, CTO can be introduced when security forces have reliable information about an impending terrorist attack. If the venue is a vast territory and large-scale counter-terrorism measures are planned, then the head of the regional executive authority must notify his leadership and coordinate with him the work of special law enforcement officers. Once the regime is introduced, it must be made public. Then the territories and objects that will be affected by the restrictions are designated. After the appointment of the head of the CTO and the formation of the headquarters, it is determined which power units, equipment and special equipment will be used.

About methods

During the CTO, security forces arrest or physically eliminate criminals. In addition, special forces officers neutralize potentially dangerous objects.

Since every person, regardless of his will, can find himself in the epicenter of events, it will be easier for him to protect himself if he is aware of all the restrictions and follows the requirements of the police. According to experts, during CTO the concept of human life becomes conditional. Civilians should remember this and follow the rules of the commandant regime, strictly follow the instructions of the security forces at the time of evacuation or temporary resettlement to safer areas. Ignoring instructions can lead to disaster: security forces, in order to prevent an environmental disaster or mass death of people, have the right to shoot to kill.

According to federal law, law enforcement officers in the area where a counter-terrorism operation is being carried out have the right to perform the following actions:

Check documents. If a citizen does not have them, then law enforcement officers have the right to establish his identity in the internal affairs bodies. Anyone who has aroused suspicion is subject to verification.
Forcibly restrict or evacuate citizens from places where armed confrontation is unfolding. Temporarily relocate to safer areas.
Tow away vehicles that interfere with law enforcement officers.
Strengthen the protection of public order by introducing a curfew regime.
Monitor telephone conversations by listening. Electronic communications and mail are subject to verification. The task of law enforcement in this case is to collect the necessary information regarding a possible or already committed terrorist attack.
Use citizens' vehicles. In order to transport the victim to a medical facility, security forces may temporarily confiscate a personal car. This is also used in situations where it is necessary to pursue a suspect. Under the CTO regime, citizens must provide their vehicles upon request of a police officer.
Freely enter citizens' homes. This also applies to their land plots.
Conduct a search of personal belongings and vehicles.

About restrictions

During the CTO period, hazardous production activities are suspended. This applies to those enterprises whose employees work with explosive, radioactive, chemically and biologically hazardous substances. In addition, quarantine and sanitary and anti-epidemic measures are being carried out. During the CTO, the sale of narcotic, psychotropic or potent medications is prohibited. This category also includes: ethyl alcohol, alcohol and other alcohol-containing products.

On administrative responsibility of civilians

During the implementation of counter-terrorism measures, there are frequent cases of violations of CTO rules among the local population. A civilian can be fined 500 rubles. An official will get off with a fine of up to 3 thousand rubles, a legal person - 10 thousand. In case of unauthorized entry into the territory of a CTO, a citizen will be forced to pay 1 thousand rubles. There are also penalties for obstructing the work of police officers. The size of fines varies from 2 to 30 thousand rubles. Violators can also get away with administrative arrest for 30 days.

Mode(fr. regime from lat. regimen- management, command, leadership) in a broad sense - conditions of work, activity, existence of something. Can be used with the following meanings:

The regime is the correct alternation of periods of work and rest, their duration, rational distribution of time during one day, week, month of the year.

For man

A clearly established order, routine:

Daily routine - a precisely measured routine of actions for the day.
Working hours - adjusted work and rest procedures at the enterprise.
Hospital regime is a way of life established for a patient by the attending physician.
Diet - diet, eating according to a certain schedule.
Drinking regime - the order of water consumption, taking into account the type of activity, climatic conditions and state of the body.

In the state

A set of rules, norms, and various activities established to achieve a certain goal by individual entities.

Regime in politics is a term denoting the political system, the method (image) of government, the ability of one person or group of persons to control the behavior of citizens of society:
- The old regime is the pre-revolutionary state system:
  - The old regime in Russia before 1917.
  - The old regime in France.
Military regime is a special legal situation in the country during war, natural disasters, etc.
State of emergency - a set of strict rules introduced in the territory in the event of an emergency
Economy mode - a system of measures and measures to reduce the cost and more rational use of resources, funds, etc.
The seabed regime is an international legal settlement of the issue of using the subsoil of the seas and oceans.
Customs regime is a set of customs procedures in relation to imported goods.
Visa-free regime - relationships between different countries without a permit.
National treatment is a legal provision in international relations under which foreigners are entitled to all the rights and benefits of local citizens.
The secrecy regime is a set of measures to protect state and other secrets protected by law.
Regime of detention (penitentiary system) - conditions of detention of prisoners in correctional labor colonies, according to which institutions are divided into colonies of general, reinforced, strict, special regime and settlement colonies.

In science and technology

Interactive mode - direct (direct) interaction between a person and a computer.
Operating mode in mechanics is the operating state of the mechanisms. For example, the operating mode of the machine; engine operating mode (aviation)(take-off mode, nominal mode, low throttle mode).
Water regime - fluctuations in water level in reservoirs.
The thermal regime of the Earth is a set of factors that determine the distribution of heat flows on planet Earth.
Thermal regime of soils is a change in temperature balance that affects the distribution of heat in the soil over a certain period of time.
The thermal regime of a building is a set of factors that determine the microclimate of the room.
Encryption mode is a method for converting encrypted data.

Also

Security regime is a system of rules, compliance with which at the enterprise is necessary to ensure the safety of employees:
- Gas regime - in mines, a system of protective and preventive measures against emissions of methane or hydrogen in mine workings.
- Dust regime is a system of special measures to prevent or limit coal dust explosions in mines (for example, moistening the coal seam, dust suction, etc.).

Political regime

Political regime(from lat. regimen- government) - political governance, a set of certain methods, techniques and forms of implementing political relations in society (state or country), or the way its political system functions. In the modern world, as a rule, the term is used with a negative connotation, usually implying an authoritarian regime.

The political regime is characterized by methods of exercising political power, the degree of participation of citizens in governance, the attitude of state institutions to the legal foundations of their own activities, the degree of political freedom in society, the openness or closedness of political elites in terms of social mobility, the actual state of the legal status of the individual.

The phrase “political regime” appeared in Western literature back in the 19th century, and entered into widespread scientific circulation in the second half of the 20th century. Researchers count the existence of 140 - 170 different political regimes in the modern world, many of which differ from each other extremely slightly. This determines a wide variety of approaches to the classification of political regimes.

In European political science, the most widely used definition of the political regime is that given by J.-L. Kermon, which is often used in the works of Russian authors:

Under the political regime, according to J.-L. Kermonnu, understands the totality of elements of an ideological, institutional and sociological order that contribute to the formation of the political governance of a given country for a certain period.

I. I. Sanzharevsky

In American political science, in contrast to European political science, preference is given to the concept politic system , which is considered more significant than the political regime. Proponents of the systems approach quite often interpret the concept of “political regime” broadly, practically identifying it with the “political system”. Critics of this approach note that the political regime is a more mobile and dynamic phenomenon than the system of power, and during the evolution of one political system several political regimes may change.

In the narrow sense of the word, a political regime is sometimes understood state regime , which is a set of techniques and methods for exercising state power. Such an identification can be justified only if the political regime is almost completely determined by the state, and is not justified if it largely depends on the activities of civil society institutions.

Origin of the concept of political regime

In the heritage of Ancient Greece, the ideas of Plato and Aristotle, who spoke from largely different positions and used different methods of argumentation, are of particular interest. Both of them contributed to almost all issues of interest to us regarding the activities of political regimes - to the analysis of the features of their functioning, methods of typology and the dynamics of transformation. Plato (427-347 BC), who inherited elitism in his views on politics (characteristic, basically, of all thinkers of the heyday of ancient Greek philosophy and, partly, the Hellenistic period), was in this, as in many other things, a follower of the ideas of his teacher Socrates. He left interesting observations about the forms of government, highlighting aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy and tyranny and connecting them with five types of mental makeup of people. But his main contribution, of course, is not this. The main thing is that, being a pessimist and seeing a certain degradation in the evolution of political forms, Plato in his “State” and, especially, in his “Laws” created the image of an “ideal state”, which, in reality, is a continuation of legist projects and comprehensively substantiates the concept totalitarian rule.

Modern approaches to defining the concept

In modern science, two main traditions of understanding the concept of a political regime have developed, one of which is associated with the political-legal approach that has developed in the legal tradition of constitutional law, and the other with the sociological approach, which has become widespread in political science.

Institutional approach

This approach is also called political-legal and formal-legal. Within its framework, the main attention is paid to the procedural, formal and legal characteristics of the functioning of the system of political power. When using the institutional approach, the concept of a political regime comes closer or even merges with the concepts of a form of government or state system. So the term political regime turns out to be part of the categorical apparatus of constitutional law. Within the framework of the institutional approach, there is a difference between the terms political regime And state regime.

The institutional approach has traditionally been characteristic of French statecraft. Based on it, the following types of political regimes were distinguished:

regime of merger of powers - absolute monarchy;
separation of powers regime - presidential republic;
The regime of cooperation between authorities is a parliamentary republic.

Gradually, this typology began to be viewed as an auxiliary one, classifying not so much regimes as types of government structures.

This group also includes the approach of the American political scientist G. Lasswell and his followers, who considered the political regime as a way of legitimizing the political system. In their view, regimes are exemplars of political forms that function to minimize the element of coercion in the political process. Thus, the regime is associated with a constitutional form, and unconstitutional forms of government (dictatorship) are denied the right to be considered political regimes[ source not specified 1319 days].

Sociological approach

Within the framework of this approach, primary attention is paid to the origin of power and the social foundations of its functioning, understanding the connections between society and the state that have developed in reality and do not necessarily correspond to those prescribed by constitutional acts. With this approach, the regime is viewed much more broadly - as a balance in the relationship between the state and society. Each regime has at its core a system of social connections, therefore regimes cannot be changed by changing the legal acts that secure them, without transforming the social foundations on which it rests. This approach often leads to the identification of the political regime and the political system.

Characteristic representatives of this trend are the French political scientists M. Duverger (considered the regime as: “a structure of government, a type of human society that distinguishes one social community from another”) and his follower J.-L. Kermonn, whose definition is given above.

A similar point of view in determining the political regime is shared by American scientists G. O'Donnell and F. Schmitter:

A set of structures, overt or covert, that determine the forms and channels of access to leading government positions, as well as the characteristics of the individuals considered suitable or unsuitable for these structures, the resources they use and the strategies they use to obtain the desired appointment.

Tsygankov A. P.

Within the framework of the sociological approach, there is a significant variety of research strategies and options for typologizing political regimes, the basic among which today is considered to be the identification of democratic, authoritarian and totalitarian regimes.

Types of political regimes

Democratic regime

Main article: Democracy

Democracy is a political regime in which the people are recognized as the only source of power, power is exercised according to the will and in the interests of the people. Democratic regimes develop in rule-of-law states.

Anti-democratic regime rejects democratic principles and is based on the suppression of the individual, the establishment of a dictatorship of one class, group, party; nationalization of public organizations; militarization of society, etc.

Anti-democratic political regimes are also diverse, but their content is largely the same, it is opposite to the above-mentioned features of a democratic regime, namely: the dominance of one political party or movement; one, “official” ideology; one form of ownership; minimizing or eliminating any political rights and freedoms; sharp stratification of the population according to class, caste, religion and other characteristics; low economic level of the main strata of the people; emphasis on punitive measures and coercion, aggressiveness in foreign policy. Anti-democratic regimes are divided into: authoritarian, totalitarian and military.

Authoritarian regime

Main article: Authoritarianism

Authoritarianism (from lat. auctoritas- power, influence) - characteristics of special types of regimes based on the unlimited power of one person or group of persons while maintaining certain economic, civil and spiritual freedoms for citizens. The term “authoritarianism” was introduced into scientific circulation by theorists of the Frankfurt School of neo-Marxism and meant a certain set of social characteristics inherent in both political culture and mass consciousness as a whole.

a socio-political system based on the subordination of the individual to the state or its leaders;
a social attitude or personality trait characterized by the belief that in society there should be strict and unconditional loyalty, unquestioning submission of people to authorities and authorities.

A political regime that corresponds to the principles of authoritarianism means the absence of democracy both in relation to the free conduct of elections and in matters of managing government structures. It is often combined with the dictatorship of an individual, which manifests itself to varying degrees. Authoritarian regimes are very diverse. These include:

Military-bureaucratic regime

A military-bureaucratic regime of authoritarianism usually arises in the form of a military dictatorship, but in further political development, various types of civilian professionals begin to play an increasingly important role. The ruling coalition is dominated by military men and bureaucrats, and lacks any integrating ideology. The regime can be non-party or multi-party, but most often there is one pro-government, by no means mass, party. Military men and bureaucrats are usually united by the fear of revolution from below, so eliminating the influence of radical intellectuals on society seems to them a necessary condition for its further development. The regime solves this problem through violence and/or by closing the access of intellectuals to the political sphere through electoral channels. Examples of military-bureaucratic regimes were: the rule of General Pinochet in Chile (1973-1990), military juntas in Argentina, Brazil, Peru, and Southeast Asia. Pinochet said: Not a single leaf moves in Chile without my desire. General Martinez (El Salvador, 1932) philosophized: “It is a greater crime to kill an insect than a person.” About 40 thousand peasants became victims of his anti-communist purges, as a result of which Indian culture in the country was essentially ended. The slogan of General Rios Montt (Guatemala) was: A Christian must carry a Bible and a machine gun. As a result of his Christian campaign, 10 thousand Indians were killed and more than 100 thousand fled to Mexico.

Corporate authoritarianism

Corporate authoritarianism is established in societies with fully developed economic and social pluralism, where corporate representation of interests becomes an alternative to an overly ideological mass party and a complement to one-party rule. Examples of corporate regimes are the reign of Antonio de Salazar in Portugal (1932-1968), the regime of Francisco Franco in Spain. In Latin America, the lack of widespread political mobilization of the masses has more than once allowed the introduction of corporate representation of interests.

Pre-totalitarian authoritarianism

Pre-totalitarian authoritarianism is a regime established at a certain stage of development of the political systems of some countries. H. Linitz includes fascist mobilization regimes as orders of this type, which - in comparison with military-bureaucratic and corporate authoritarianism with their single, weak party - are less pluralistic and liberal, more participatory and democratic. We are talking about states where democracy previously existed, but after the fascist leaders came to power, evolution began in a totalitarian direction. The pre-totalitarian nature of the regime is determined by a number of important political, social and cultural factors, including:

a fairly influential political group oriented towards a totalitarian utopia has not yet strengthened its power and has not institutionalized a new system;
institutions such as the army, church, interest groups, while maintaining sufficient autonomy, legitimacy and efficiency, strive to limit pluralism in their favor;
a situation of social uncertainty, when some expect that the previous political and social structures will be able to absorb the totalitarian movement, while others doubt the success of this process.

Postcolonial authoritarianism

Postcolonial authoritarianism in the form of one-party mobilization regimes arises after former colonies gain independence and is created from below in societies with a low level of economic development. As a rule, postcolonial independence is such only in formal legal terms. The basis for mobilizing broad public support for the new regime most often becomes nationalist slogans of defending independence, overshadowing any internal strife and conflicts. However, with the aggravation of economic problems and the intensification of anti-system opposition forces, rulers are forced to limit or completely eliminate experiments with free political competition. The level of political participation of citizens becomes low, which determines the weakness of the positions of the leaders of such states, which is manifested in frequent coups and assassinations of rulers.

Racial or ethnic democracy

This is a type of authoritarianism where the political process could be called democratic because a certain racial or ethnic minority is allowed to participate in it, but other such groups are excluded from politics legally or de facto, with the use of violence. An example of racial democracy is the former regime of South Africa with its apartheid ideology.

Sultanist regime

The sultanist regime can be seen as the ultimate form of autocracy. Signs of these personalized regimes are the absence of ideology, political mobilization, any limiters on the power of the Sultan, and pluralism. Examples of sultanism were Haiti under Francois Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude, the Dominican Republic under Rafael Trujillo, the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos, Iraq under Saddam Hussein, etc.

Totalitarian regime

Main article: Totalitarianism

A totalitarian regime of government implies that the state intervenes in all spheres of human life and society. Totalitarianism is based on official ideology and is characterized by extreme centrism, voluntarism, and the cult of personality of the ruling leader. It relies only on political force (most often military), opposition is not allowed or persecuted, violence is in the nature of terror, and genocide is often allowed.

Totalitarianism (from lat. totalis- whole, whole, complete) - this is the mode full control on the part of the state over all spheres of society and every person through direct armed signature. Power at all levels is formed in secret, as a rule, by one person or a narrow group of people from the ruling elite. Totalitarianism is a specifically new form of dictatorship that arose in the twentieth century. Totalitarianism is a fundamentally new type of dictatorship due to the special role of the state and ideology.

Signs of totalitarianism:

ideological absolutism (a totalitarian regime is an over-ideologized regime in which politics is completely subordinated to ideology and is determined by it)
autocracy of one party - the “order of the sword” (the totalitarian regime is personified by the one-party system, and all public life is built on the principles of “partisanship”, i.e. it knows only structures and forms sanctioned by the party)
organized terror and repression (one of the fundamental foundations of the totalitarian regime is the extreme concentration of fear of the “power structures”, with the help of which the subordination and obedience of the masses are ensured)
monopoly of power on information (under a totalitarian regime, all media are subordinate to the party and the state and serve them unquestioningly, being deprived of the right to freedom of speech and dissent)
centralized control over the economy (the economy under a totalitarian regime belongs to the category of command-administrative (fully nationalized), i.e. it acts as nothing other than a concentrated expression of politics)
militarization of the country (under a totalitarian regime, the country is likened to a single military camp surrounded by enemies who must be destroyed for the sake of a “bright future”).

Depending on the dominant ideology, totalitarianism is usually divided into fascist, socialist and national socialist.

Anarchy

Main article: Anarchy

Anarchy can be defined as the absence of a political regime, anarchy. Such a state is possible, as a rule, for a short period of time, with the decline of the state and a catastrophic decline in the role of state power or confrontation between political forces vying for its implementation; such a state is typical for a period of great upheaval (revolutions, civil wars, occupation). Also, anarchy is presented as a form of social order, but not as some kind of intermediate state at the time of transition from one political regime to another.

Other

There are also other political regimes that are subtypes of the main ones:

aristocracy,
military dictatorship,
democracy (dictocracy, dictatorship),
despotism
dictatorship,
meritocracy,
kleptocracy,
corporatocracy,
oligarchy,
ochlocracy,
plutocracy,
post-totalitarianism,
timocracy,
tyranny,
fascism,
feudalism.

Typologies

Aristotle (work Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία)

Correct:
1. Monarchy.
2. Aristocracy.
3. Polity
Incorrect:
1. Tyranny.
2. Oligarchy.
3. Ochlocracy

Marx

Socialist.
Capitalist.

Duverger

explicit and authoritarian;
democratic, autocratic, monocratic (dictatorial);
directories (collective board).

Kurashvili

Tyrannical.
Authoritarian-democratic.
Democratic-authoritarian.
Deployed democratic.
Anarcho-democratic.

Golosov - Blondel

Traditional (closed with monolithic elite).
Competitive oligarchy (open, exclusive).
Authoritarian-bureaucratic (closed, with a differentiated elite, exclusionary).
Egalitarian-authoritarian (closed, with a monolithic elite, inclusive).
Authoritarian-inegalitarian (closed, with a differentiated elite, inclusive).
Liberal democracy (open, inclusive).

Nominal mode

Nominal mode (continuous mode) - a mode of operation of machines and equipment in which they can work most efficiently for an unlimited time (more than several hours). For equipment associated with energy dissipation (resistors) or energy conversion (motors, generators), the rated mode is determined by the ability of the equipment to operate without exceeding the maximum permissible temperatures.

For aircraft engine nominal mode (or abbreviated as “nominal”, also “maximum continuous” - M pr) is also the maximum permissible for long-term operation and is limited by speed, heating of turbine blades (for gas turbine engines) or pistons and valves (for piston engines, heating of oil. Therefore, , as a rule, the nominal value is used only when climbing, and the operating time at the nominal value is taken into account separately from the operating time during takeoff and reduced modes and is limited in the total resource (usually by a figure of the order of 25%). For example, on An-72 and An-74 aircraft Separate resource counters are installed for takeoff, nominal and reduced modes, which are activated automatically through limit switches under the engine control levers.

In continuous mode, the output power is less than in hourly or other increased modes, so increasing it is important for equipment that operates for a long time under rated load, such as a computer fan motor or a lighting lamp.

Among the ways to increase the power of equipment in continuous operation are the following:

the use of a cooling system (air or liquid), which allows you to increase the amount of heat removed
reduction in thermal resistance, achieved through the use of more advanced insulation, thermal pastes, or by polishing contacting surfaces at the thermal transition boundary
for electrical equipment:
- reduction of electrical losses
- use of more heat-resistant insulation

Centrifugal fan of traction motors of electric locomotive VL80K

To increase long-term power, modern electric motors have monolithic insulation made of silicone varnish or other insulating material with high thermal conductivity, as well as active cooling. Motors operating in intermittent short-term (for example, on cranes) or long-term (fan motors, traction motors electric trains and urban electric transport) modes have self-ventilation from an impeller mounted on the shaft. Electric motors operating with a rated load in a wide range of rotation speeds (motors of some machine tools, electric motors of locomotives) often have independent ventilation from a separately driven fan, since at low speeds self-ventilation cannot be ensured.

What does mixed driving mode mean?

Sergei Vinovonov

According to European calculations, this is -2/3 on the highway, the average speed (non-stop) is 100.120 km/h. 1/3 in the city 1-5 stops. So when they sell a car and say that it has average (mixed) fuel consumption, don’t believe it. Especially for Russia this is completely irrelevant. In winter, warming up, crazy traffic jams, constant braking in front of potholes, rails, and traffic lights. Acceleration, fuel quality.... Many factors exceed this notorious mixed fuel consumption declared by the manufacturer.

Port port

No one knows this for sure except car manufacturers, who can write fuel consumption figures completely off the top of their heads. All the same, no one will ever be able to check them because no one really knows what it is.

What does turbo mode mean?

Andreeva Olga

Similar to a diesel engine, to which a turbine provides additional power. This name is intended to inform the user that the selected mode will, without any doubt, increase the performance of anything, but is not calculated. In other words, when you can’t, but really want to, then you can. Used in passive overclocking of motherboards. Where such a mode is not capable of harming the hardware, but the performance gain will not be what the user imagines it to be.

Dequatro

If the question relates to browsers. turbo mode (Opera and Yandex browser) is needed for faster page loading, but this mode works better only when You have very slow internet, otherwise the pages will load much slower. Loading acceleration occurs through proxy caching on third-party servers and compression of some objects, such as pictures, to degrade their quality.

Often, iPhone and iPad users, when updating the device's firmware, encounter various kinds of errors that lead to complete inoperability of the device. Difficulties arise for various reasons: an inappropriate or damaged firmware file, incorrect procedure for updating, or simply carelessness. In this article I will talk about DFU - the recovery mode for iOS devices, and also show how to enable it and bring the device back to life.

DFU mode (Device Firmware Update) is a low-level device firmware update mode. It belongs to the emergency mode and is recognized by iTunes when connecting the device to the computer as recovery mode. In this case, the iPhone works without loading the system shell, so the device does not respond to key presses and does not turn on the display. Unlike Recovery Mode, which shows the iTunes and cable icon on the screen. DFU is used to update or restore device firmware only in cases where standard means are no longer suitable for such an operation. In some cases, this mode helps to correct minor software glitch and allows you to reboot in normal mode.

There is only one way to recognize DFU - connect the device to the computer. iTunes will immediately recognize the mode and display a corresponding message.

Ukrainian iPhone Service specialists explained the situation with entering DFU mode:

iPhone can enter DFU mode for various reasons: software glitches, damage motherboard or even after water gets into the insides. Such incidents can provoke not only entry into DFU, but also into Recovery mode - in this case, information from the device can at least be recovered. But the chances are very small.

How to put iPhone into DFU mode

Any device running iOS can be put into DFU mode, but to do this, you first need to connect the device to your computer. The following instructions are simple:

Press the buttons Power And Home And hold them for 10 seconds.
Release the button Power, but keep holding Home until iTunes prompts you to enter recovery mode.